Monday, December 30, 2019

Activity Analysis Occupational Therapy Practitioners

Activity analysis Introduction As occupational therapy practitioners we are trained to help clients look critically at everyday routines and examine how their affected state of health impacts their ability to carry out what is important to them. However, occupational therapist goes beyond simply helping the patient recognize the problem. They prepare the client with skills necessary through various resources to fill the void in their abilities so that they can live their life with the highest level of satisfaction. This mindset allows occupational therapist to help individuals like Mrs. Ingliss to engage in the necessary and sought after life activities important for her life satisfaction. Intervention plan †¢ Long term goal - Mrs. Ingliss will be able to independently follow a 5 step dinner recipe beginning to end for her family, using built up utensils, compensatory movements, and upper extremities joint protection strategies within 4 weeks to increase functional independence in her family role as a caretaker. o Short-term goal – client will independently follow a 3-step dinner recipe beginning to by the end of the first therapy session. o Short-term goal – client will independently demonstrate proper use of stove, appropriate knife use, and use of cooking utensils with adaptive equipment by the second therapy session. o Short-term goal – client for 10 minutes will participate in wrist and hand exercises to increase strength, ROM, and endurance, which will improveShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Occupational Therapy1315 Words   |  6 PagesOccupational therapy is a therapeutic approach that promotes the health, well-being, and spirit of every individual re gardless of diagnosis or disability. The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process text (2014), defines occupational therapy as, â€Å"the therapeutic use of everyday life activities (occupations) with individuals or groups for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation in roles, habits, and routines in home, school, workplace, community, and other settings† (pgRead MoreThe Biomechanical Frame Of Reference In2097 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Biomechanical Frame of Reference in Occupational Therapy Christina M. Rafferty 101-392-287 Somtochukwu Okerulu 204-594-588 HCC Coleman College Introduction/ Overview The outcome of occupational therapy intervention is â€Å"supporting health and participation in life through engagement in occupation.’’ The types of occupational therapy interventions include occupation based intervention, purposeful activity and preparatory methods, consultation, education, andRead MoreDiscourse Analysis On The Occupational Therapy Profession1568 Words   |  7 Pages Joel Shelby WRI 3010 Professor Lana Sumpter 8/29/2017 Baker College of Flint â€Æ' Discourse Analysis Report Introduction According to (Deapul.edu, n.d.), a discourse community is a group of individuals that communicate and covey their message in the professional and public domain. This format of communication depending on the job field is known as discursive practices (Deapul.edu, n.d.). These communications practices can include communication avenues specific to the field. This can include journalsRead MoreSequencing Deficits Are Not Discriminatory Of Any Age995 Words   |  4 PagesSequencing refers to the ability to carry out an activity in a logical, timely, and orderly manner (Early, 2006). Sequencing deficits are not discriminatory of any age and are commonly found in individuals with developmental disabilities, learning disabilities, cognitive-perceptual disorders, and mental health disorders. Some diagnoses that are tied to sequencing deficits are CVA, TBI, Autism, ADHD, and dementia, to name a few (Occupational Therapy’s Role in Cognitive Disorders, 2011). SequencingRead MoreBackground And Personal Interest Of Occupational Therapy1348 Words   |  6 Pagesinterested in occupational therapy for a while now because of the fact that you are given the chance of helping others recover how to live. Also, but not the main reason why I am interested, OT’s make a decent living. Occupational therapy has been around since the 1900’s. It has made multiple changes to it’s principles for the benefit of others, and it’s own prestige. â€Å"The ‘Quality of life† was becoming increasingly accepted as a goal of occupational therapy intervention†(History, 2014). Occupational therapyRead MoreReflective Thinking : A Component Of Critical Thinking1594 Words   |  7 Pagesinstructional practices that create conditions for practice in a mock work world. For example, experiential learning opportunities such as the High Fidelity Simulation (HFS) enhanced lab activity, and increased the student’s ability to synthesize critical conten t (Alfred Fountain, 2009). These integrated lab activities provide a learning environment where students do self-exploration and share ideas and viewpoints with peers in small groups. Students receive feedback through debriefing about theirRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder that is developed from1500 Words   |  6 Pagesfully recover from it. This intervention approach allows an individual to express themselves to someone that once suffered from this disorder. It also gives the person hope that there is indeed a light at the end of the tunnel. Prolonged-exposure therapy is another approach to resolving PTSD. In this approach, a therapist helps the client recall traumatic memories in a controlled manner so the client can take back control of their thoughts and feelings concerning the traumatic event. This is doneRead MoreThe Clinical Experience Of An Emergency Homeless Shelter For Young Men1202 Words   |  5 PagesUsually the fieldwork clinical experience is done in which a student is placed under the direct supervision by an established on-site occupational therapy practitioner (Mattila Dolhi, 2016). Over the past ten years, there has been a shift in occupational therapy concerning emerging practice areas and non-traditional settings, where occupational therapy services are not currently provided (Mattila Dolhi, 2016). These various types of settings support the shift toward wellness and recovery, psychosocialRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Purposeful Activity1433 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Purposeful Ac tivity In Occupational Therapy (OT), ideas and theories go through various modifications. Practitioners dealing with Occupational therapy use craft as therapeutic mechanisms because people do feel that they are capable of accomplishing anything when they prove to themselves that they can do an art and compete it on their own. Crafts vary in their purpose; some deal with self care such as cooking, sewing, cleaning, and mending. Other crafts are generally meant to dealRead MoreWe Need Fall Prevention Training1976 Words   |  8 Pagesbelieve that this should be the job of a physical therapist alone. You may not think of occupational therapists when you hear fall prevention, but they have the knowledge and training to conduct fall prevention as well. Occupational therapists should be allowed to conduct Fall Prevention Training in the home and community. According to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, â€Å"occupational therapy practitioners are concerned with the end result of par ticipation and thus enable engagement through

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Power to Declare War Essay - 1246 Words

The Power to Declare War Ritwik Ravin Poltical Science Mrs. Mooney December 13, 2010 Ricky Ravin, Mrs. Mooney The Power to Declare War Congress and the president use their powers to check and balance each other. One power of Congress is the ability to declare war. However, Congress generally gives the president control during war time. Because of this, the president is able to acquire more power over the war while Congress can do little if they have already given their approval. After the Vietnam War, in which Presidents Johnson and Nixon continued to wage despite a divided Congress[i]; they decided that the Constitution did not warrant the president to have the power to declare war, so they passed the War†¦show more content†¦Prior to the War Powers Act, President Harry Truman, rather than seek Congressional declaration, used his constitutional power as commander in chief to commit troops to the Korean War. Congress had no say in whether this war would be fought. Along with this, the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Presidents Lyndon Jo hnson and Richard Nixon the power to â€Å"take all necessary measures †¦ to prevent further aggression[iv].† This gave the presidents complete control over the war despite the Congresses eventual division, who could do nothing about it. These incidents caused Congress to decide that the Framers did not intend for the president to have this kind of war making power, so they passed the War Powers Act on November 7th, 1973, right after the Vietnam War. The War Powers Act was explicitly meant to limit presidential powers during war time, but it has failed to do so. The ninety day limit has never been followed and while 99 reports have been submitted to Congress because of the Resolution, the reports are simply to inform, rather than consult with Congress, after a planned action is already under way. During the presidential reign of Gerald Ford, the United States was involved with six military crises: the rescue of U.S. citizens and refugees in Vietnam after the war, the res cue of the Mayaguez, and two evacuation operations in Lebanon. The War Powers Act was not applied in any of these situations, and it’s relevancy in militaryShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Declare War : Does It Mean Anything Anymore?1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power to Declare War: Does it Mean Anything Anymore? Throughout the history of the United States, the President has bypassed the Congress and engaged in warring actions. All cited Emergency Action as the qualifying reason. Some, after the fact asked congress for a declaration of war, others have not. Regardless, the Chief Executives seemed to have found that a formal declaration is not required whenever it would benefit them. War Powers Article I, Section 8, Clause 11Read MoreWorld War I ( Wwi )959 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I (WWI) had many main events from 1914 – 1918. It was known as the Great War and the war to end all wars. It also introduced us to many new technology to including Barbed wire, machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airships, aircraft s, new naval vessels and tanks. All these wartime machines and equipment resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war. This First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in EuropeRead MoreThe Executive Branch Of The United States Constitution1493 Words   |  6 Pagesprocedures, requirements, powers and limitation of the president. The president is given some powers in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution such as making treaties, vetoing laws, and being Chief Executive of the Executive branch. The president is also the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy. Despite the powers granted for Congress and the president in the Constitution, we don’t know to what extent the president has the power to send troops and declare war without Congress’s approvalRead MoreThe War Powers Resolution Of 1973986 Words   |  4 PagesWho has the power to go to war? Most people would say the President while others would say Congress. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 may shine some light on who or whom can declare war. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 also know simple as the War Powers Act states the President must notify Congress within a 48 hour time frame that he is sending troops into military combat. The act does not allow military solders from remaining in a state of conflict for more than 60 days. After 60 days the PresidentRead MorePowers Of The United States Constitution1552 Words   |  7 PagesMia Stagnitta Mrs. Tobin American Government 7 17 November 2014 Enumerated Powers The United States Constitution consists of twenty-seven expressed or enumerated powers. These powers were carefully constructed by the Framers of the Constitution in hopes that the government would remain fair in its law making ways. The Legislative Branch is comprised of the Senate and House of Representatives, commonly referred to as Congress. It known of as the law making body of the United States government withRead MoreThe Power Of The War882 Words   |  4 PagesSection Eight, Congress has the power â€Å"To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;† This means that Congress must be consulted before going to war and has the power to not only declare war, but also the power to raise an army and navy, to fund war effort; however, the President, in Article II, is named commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but this does not give him the power to commit armed forces to war. Although the Constitution grantsRead MoreInfluence of German Naval Policy, American Economic Interests, and Allied Propaganda on the American Decision to Declare War on Germany in 19171051 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision to declare war on Germany in 1917. German naval policy, American economic interests, and allied propaganda The American decision to declare war on Germany was influenced by several factors of varying degrees. To a great extent, the aggressive German naval policy contributed to the involvement of the United States in World War I. A secondary influence on this decision derived from U.S. economic interests abroad and on the homefront. Another influence leading to America’s entrance into war was theRead MoreGermany And The World War II1010 Words   |  5 Pages Germany invaded Poland which cause Britain, New Zealand, and France to declare war on Germany, starting World War Two. (September 1-3, 1939) Royal air force attacks the German navy (September 4, 1939) United states proclaims neutrality in the war (September 5, 1939) Canada declares war on Germany (September 10, 1939) First German air raids on London (August 23, 1940) German Blitzkrieg against Britain starts, London is a target, German air raids on cities - Southampton, Bristol, Cardiff, LiverpoolRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1453 Words   |  6 Pagessystem of checks and balances, and a distinct separation of powers amongst the three branches of government. But, even with this system of checks and balances in place, it is evident that the 3 branches are not equal, and that congress is significantly more powerful than both the executive and judicial branches of government. Ultimately, the U.S. congress is the strongest branch of government because of its vast amount of enumerated powers including the elastic clause, which allows congress to passRead MoreThe Division Of War Powers1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof War Powers There is a long standing debate in American politics over whether or not the President has unilateral war powers. Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution states that the President will be Commander in Chief of the navy and army and thus has the power to organize and lead military operations. However, the power to declare war officially lies in the hands of Congress based on Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution. This division of war power between

Saturday, December 14, 2019

The Subtle Knife Chapter Two Free Essays

Chapter Two Among The Witches The witch Serafina Pekkala, who had rescued Lyra and the other children from the experimental station at Bolvangar and flown with her to the island of Svalbard, was deeply troubled. In the atmospheric disturbances that followed Lord Asriel’s escape from his exile on Svalbard, she and her companions were blown far from the island and many miles out over the frozen sea. Some of them managed to stay with the damaged balloon of Lee Scoresby, the Texan aeronaut, but Serafina herself was tossed high into the banks of fog that soon came rolling in from the gap that Lord Asriel’s experiment had torn in the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subtle Knife Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now When she found herself able to control her flight once more, her first thought was of Lyra; for she knew nothing of the fight between the false bear-king and the true one, Iorek Byrnison, nor of what had happened to Lyra after that. So she began to search for her, flying through the cloudy gold-tinged air on her branch of cloud-pine, accompanied by her daemon, Kaisa the snow goose. They moved back toward Svalbard and south a little, soaring for several hours under a sky turbulent with strange lights and shadows. Serafina Pekkala knew from the unsettling tingle of the light on her skin that it came from another world. After some time had passed, Kaisa said, â€Å"Look! A witch’s daemon, lost†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Serafina Pekkala looked through the fog banks and saw a tern, circling and crying in the chasms of misty light. They wheeled and flew toward him. Seeing them come near, the tern darted up in alarm, but Serafina Pekkala signaled friendship, and he dropped down beside them. Serafina Pekkala said, â€Å"What clan are you from?† â€Å"Taymyr,† he told her. â€Å"My witch is captured. Our companions have been driven away! I am lost!† â€Å"Who has captured your witch?† â€Å"The woman with the monkey daemon, from Bolvangar†¦ Help me! Help us! I am so afraid!† â€Å"Was your clan allied with the child cutters?† â€Å"Yes, until we found out what they were doing. After the fight at Bolvangar they drove us off, but my witch was taken prisoner. They have her on a ship†¦ What can I do? She is calling to me and I can’t find her! Oh, help, help me!† â€Å"Quiet,† said Kaisa, the goose daemon. â€Å"Listen down below.† They glided lower, listening with keen ears, and Serafina Pekkala soon made out the beat of a gas engine, muffled by the fog. â€Å"They can’t navigate a ship in fog like this,† Kaisa said. â€Å"What are they doing?† â€Å"It’s a smaller engine than that,† said Serafina Pekkala, and as she spoke there came a new sound from a different direction: a low, brutal, shuddering blast, like some immense sea creature calling from the depths. It roared for several seconds and then stopped abruptly. â€Å"The ship’s foghorn,† said Serafina Pekkala. They wheeled low over the water and cast about again for the sound of the engine. Suddenly they found it, for the fog seemed to have patches of different density, and the witch darted up out of sight just in time as a launch came chugging slowly through the swathes of damp air. The swell was slow and oily, as if the water was reluctant to rise. They swung around and above, the tern daemon keeping close like a child to its mother, and watched the steersman adjust the course slightly as the foghorn boomed again. There was a light mounted on the bow, but all it lit up was the fog a few yards in front. Serafina Pekkala said to the lost daemon: â€Å"Did you say there are still some witches helping these people?† â€Å"I think so – a few renegade witches from Volgorsk, unless they’ve fled too,† he told her. â€Å"What are you going to do? Will you look for my witch?† â€Å"Yes. But stay with Kaisa for now.† Serafina Pekkala flew down toward the launch, leaving the daemons out of sight above, and alighted on the counter just behind the steersman. His seagull daemon squawked, and the man turned to look. â€Å"You taken your time, en’t you?† he said. â€Å"Get up ahead and guide us in on the port side.† She took off again at once. It had worked: they still had some witches helping them, and he thought she was one. Port was left, she remembered, and the port light was red. She cast about in the fog until she caught its hazy glow no more than a hundred yards away. She darted back and hovered above the launch calling directions to the steersman, who slowed the craft down to a crawling pace and brought it in to the ship’s gangway ladder that hung just above the water line. The steersman called, and a sailor threw a line from above, and another hurried down the ladder to make it fast to the launch. Serafina Pekkala flew up to the ship’s rail, and retreated to the shadows by the lifeboats. She could see no other witches, but they were probably patrolling the skies; Kaisa would know what to do. Below, a passenger was leaving the launch and climbing the ladder. The figure was fur-swathed, hooded, anonymous; but as it reached the deck, a golden monkey daemon swung himself lightly up on the rail and glared around, his black eyes radiating malevolence. Serafina caught her breath: the figure was Mrs. Coulter. A dark-clothed man hurried out on deck to greet her, and looked around as if he were expecting someone else as well. â€Å"Lord Boreal – † he began. But Mrs. Coulter interrupted: â€Å"He has gone on elsewhere. Have they started the torture?† â€Å"Yes, Mrs. Coulter,† was the reply, â€Å"but – â€Å" â€Å"I ordered them to wait,† she snapped. â€Å"Have they taken to disobeying me? Perhaps there should be more discipline on this ship.† She pushed her hood back. Serafina Pekkala saw her face clearly in the yellow light: proud, passionate, and, to the witch, so young. â€Å"Where are the other witches?† she demanded. The man from the ship said, â€Å"All gone, ma’am. Red to their homeland.† â€Å"But a witch guided the launch in,† said Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"Where has she gone?† Serafina shrank back; obviously the sailor in the launch hadn’t heard the latest state of things. The cleric looked around, bewildered, but Mrs. Coulter was too impatient, and after a cursory glance above and along the deck, she shook her head and hurried in with her daemon through the open door that cast a yellow nimbus on the air. The man followed. Serafina Pekkala looked around to check her position. She was concealed behind a ventilator on the narrow area of decking between the rail and the central superstructure of the ship; and on this level, facing forward below the bridge and the funnel, was a saloon from which windows, not portholes, looked out on three sides. That was where the people had gone in. Light spilled thickly from the windows onto the fog-pearled railing, and dimly showed up the foremast and the canvas-covered hatch. Everything was wringing-wet and beginning to freeze into stiffness. No one could see Serafina where she was; but if she wanted to see any more, she would have to leave her hiding place. That was too bad. With her pine branch she could escape, and with her knife and her bow she could fight. She hid the branch behind the ventilator and slipped along the deck until she reached the first window. It was fogged with condensation and impossible to see through, and Serafina could hear no voices, either. She withdrew to the shadows again. There was one thing she could do; she was reluctant, because it was desperately risky, and it would leave her exhausted; but it seemed there was no choice. It was a kind of magic she could work to make herself unseen. True invisibility was impossible, of course: this was mental magic, a kind of fiercely held modesty that could make the spell worker not invisible but simply unnoticed. Holding it with the right degree of intensity, she could pass through a crowded room, or walk beside a solitary traveler, without being seen. So now she composed her mind and brought all her concentration to bear on the matter of altering the way she held herself so as to deflect attention completely. It took some minutes before she was confident. She tested it by stepping out of her hiding place and into the path of a sailor coming along the deck with a bag of tools. He stepped aside to avoid her without looking at her once. She was ready. She went to the door of the brightly lit saloon and opened it, finding the room empty. She left the outer door ajar so that she could flee through it if she needed to, and saw a door at the far end of the room that opened on to a flight of stairs leading down into the bowels of the ship. She descended, and found herself in a narrow corridor hung with white-painted pipework and illuminated with anbaric bulkhead lights, which led straight along the length of the hull, with doors opening off it on both sides. She walked quietly along, listening, until she heard voices. It sounded as if some kind of council was in session. She opened the door and walked in. A dozen or so people were seated around a large table. One or two of them looked up for a moment, gazed at her absently, and forgot her at once. She stood quietly near the door and watched. The meeting was being chaired by an elderly man in the robes of a Cardinal, and the rest of them seemed to be clerics of one sort or another, apart from Mrs. Coulter, who was the only woman present. Mrs. Coulter had thrown her furs over the back of the chair, and her cheeks were flushed in the heat of the ship’s interior. Serafina Pekkala looked around carefully and saw someone else in the room as well: a thin-faced man with a frog daemon, seated to one side at a table laden with leather-bound books and loose piles of yellowed paper. She thought at first that he was a clerk or a secretary, until she saw what he was doing: he was intently gazing at a golden instrument like a large watch or a compass, stopping every minute or so to note what he found. Then he would open one of the books, search laboriously through the index, and look up a reference before writing that down too and turning back to the instrument. Serafina looked back to the discussion at the table, because she heard the word witch. â€Å"She knows something about the child,† said one of the clerics. â€Å"She confessed that she knows something. All the witches know something about her.† â€Å"I am wondering what Mrs. Coulter knows,† said the Cardinal. â€Å"Is there something she should have told us before, I wonder?† â€Å"You will have to speak more plainly than that,† said Mrs. Coulter icily. â€Å"You forget I am a woman, Your Eminence, and thus not so subtle as a prince of the Church. What is this truth that I should have known about the child?† The Cardinal’s expression was full of meaning, but he said nothing. There was a pause, and then another cleric said almost apologetically: â€Å"It seems that there is a prophecy. It concerns the child, you see, Mrs. Coulter. All the signs have been fulfilled. The circumstances of her birth, to begin with. The gyptians know something about her too – they speak of her in terms of witch oil and marsh fire, uncanny, you see – hence her success in leading the gyptian men to Bolvangar. And then there’s her astonishing feat of deposing the bear-king Lofur Raknison – this is no ordinary child. Fra Pavel can tell us more, perhaps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He glanced at the thin-faced man reading the alethiometer, who blinked, rubbed his eyes, and looked at Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"You may be aware that this is the only alethiometer left, apart from the one in the child’s possession,† he said. â€Å"All the others have been acquired and destroyed, by order of the Magisterium. I learn from this instrument that the child was given hers by the Master of Jordan College, and that she learned to read it by herself, and that she can use it without the books of readings. If it were possible to disbelieve the alethiometer, I would do so, because to use the instrument without the books is simply inconceivable to me. It takes decades of diligent study to reach any sort of understanding. She began to read it within a few weeks of acquiring it, and now she has an almost complete mastery. She is like no human Scholar I can imagine.† â€Å"Where is she now, Fra Pavel?† said the Cardinal. â€Å"In the other world,† said Fra Pavel. â€Å"It is already late.† â€Å"The witch knows!† said another man, whose muskrat daemon gnawed unceasingly at a pencil. â€Å"It’s all in place but for the witch’s testimony! I say we should torture her again!† â€Å"What is this prophecy?† demanded Mrs. Coulter, who had been getting increasingly angry. â€Å"How dare you keep it from me?† Her power over them was visible. The golden monkey glared around the table, and none of them could look him in the face. Only the Cardinal did not flinch. His daemon, a macaw, lifted a foot and scratched her head. â€Å"The witch has hinted at something extraordinary,† the Cardinal said. â€Å"I dare not believe what I think it means. If it’s true, it places on us the most terrible responsibility men and women have ever faced. But I ask you again, Mrs. Coulter – what do you know of the child and her father?† Mrs. Coulter had lost her flush. Her face was chalk-white with fury. â€Å"How dare you interrogate me?† she spat. â€Å"And how dare you keep from me what you’ve learned from the witch? And, finally, how dare you assume that I am keeping something from you? D’you think I’m on her side? Or perhaps you think I’m on her father’s side? Perhaps you think I should be tortured like the witch. Well, we are all under your command, Your Eminence. You have only to snap your fingers and you could have me torn apart. But if you searched every scrap of flesh for an answer, you wouldn’t find one, because I know nothing of this prophecy, nothing whatever. And I demand that you tell me what you know. My child, my own child, conceived in sin and born in shame, but my child nonetheless, and you keep from me what I have every right to know!† â€Å"Please,† said another of the clerics nervously. â€Å"Please, Mrs. Coulter, the witch hasn’t spoken yet; we shall learn more from her. Cardinal Sturrock himself says that she’s only hinted at it.† â€Å"And suppose the witch doesn’t reveal it?† Mrs. Coulter said. â€Å"What then? We guess, do we? We shiver and quail and guess?† Fra Pavel said, â€Å"No, because that is the question I am now preparing to put to the alethiometer. We shall find the answer, whether from the witch or from the books of readings.† â€Å"And how long will that take?† He raised his eyebrows wearily and said, â€Å"A considerable time. It is an immensely complex question.† â€Å"But the witch would tell us at once,† said Mrs. Coulter. And she rose to her feet. As if in awe of her, most of the men did too. Only the Cardinal and Fra Pavel remained seated. Serafina Pekkala stood back, fiercely holding herself unseen. The golden monkey was gnashing his teeth, and all his shimmering fur was standing on end. Mrs. Coulter swung him up to her shoulder. â€Å"So let us go and ask her,† she said. She turned and swept out into the corridor. The men hastened to follow her, jostling and shoving past Serafina Pekkala, who had only time to stand quickly aside, her mind in a turmoil. The last to go was the Cardinal. Serafina took a few seconds to compose herself, because her agitation was beginning to make her visible. Then she followed the clerics down the corridor and into a smaller room, bare and white and hot, where they were all clustered around the dreadful figure in the center: a witch bound tightly to a steel chair, with agony on her gray face and her legs twisted and broken. Mrs. Coulter stood over her. Serafina took up a position by the door, knowing that she could not stay unseen for long; this was too hard. â€Å"Tell us about the child, witch,† said Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"No!† â€Å"You will suffer.† â€Å"I have suffered enough.† â€Å"Oh, there is more suffering to come. We have a thousand years of experience in this Church of ours. We can draw out your suffering endlessly. Tell us about the child,† Mrs. Coulter said, and reached down to break one of the witch’s fingers. It snapped easily. The witch cried out, and for a clear second Serafina Pekkala became visible to everyone, and one or two of the clerics looked at her, puzzled and fearful; but then she controlled herself again, and they turned back to the torture. Mrs. Coulter was saying, â€Å"If you don’t answer I’ll break another finger, and then another. What do you know about the child? Tell me.† â€Å"All right! Please, please, no more!† â€Å"Answer then.† There came another sickening crack, and this time a flood of sobbing broke from the witch. Serafina Pekkala could hardly hold herself back. Then came these words, in a shriek: â€Å"No, no! I’ll tell you! I beg you, no more! The child who was to come†¦ The witches knew who she was before you did†¦ We found out her name†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"We know her name. What name do you mean?† â€Å"Her true name! The name of her destiny!† â€Å"What is this name? Tell me!† said Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"No†¦ no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And how? Found out how?† â€Å"There was a test†¦ If she was able to pick out one spray of cloud-pine from many others, she would be the child who would come, and it happened at our consul’s house at Trollesund, when the child came with the gyptian men†¦ The child with the bear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice gave out. Mrs. Coulter gave a little exclamation of impatience, and there came a loud slap, and a groan. â€Å"But what was your prophecy about this child?† Mrs. Coulter went on, and her voice was all bronze now, and ringing with passion. â€Å"And what is this name that will make her destiny clear?† Serafina Pekkala moved closer, even among the tight throng of men around the witch, and none of them felt her presence at their very elbows. She must end this witch’s suffering, and soon, but the strain of holding herself unseen was enormous. She trembled as she took the knife from her waist. The witch was sobbing. â€Å"She is the one who came before, and you have hated and feared her ever since! Well, now she has come again, and you failed to find her†¦ She was there on Svalbard – she was with Lord Asriel, and you lost her. She escaped, and she will be – â€Å" But before she could finish, there came an interruption. Through the open doorway there flew a tern, mad with terror, and it beat its wings brokenly as it crashed to the floor and struggled up and darted to the breast of the tortured witch, pressing itself against her, nuzzling, chirruping, crying, and the witch called in anguish, â€Å"Yambe-Akka! Come to me, come to me!† No one but Serafina Pekkala understood. Yambe-Akka was the goddess who came to a witch when she was about to die. And Serafina was ready. She became visible at once and stepped forward smiling happily, because Yambe-Akka was merry and lighthearted and her visits were gifts of joy. The witch saw her and turned up her tear-stained face, and Serafina bent to kiss it and slid her knife gently into the witch’s heart. The tern daemon looked up with dim eyes and vanished. And now Serafina Pekkala would have to fight her way out. The men were still shocked, disbelieving, but Mrs. Coulter recovered her wits almost at once. â€Å"Seize her! Don’t let her go!† she cried, but Serafina was already at the door, with an arrow nocked in her bowstring. She swung up the bow and loosed the arrow in less than a second, and the Cardinal fell choking and kicking to the floor. Out, along the corridor to the stairs, turn, nock, loose, and another man fell; and already a loud jarring bell was filling the ship with its clangor. Up the stairs and out onto the deck. Two sailors barred her way, and she said, â€Å"Down there! The prisoner has got loose! Get help!† That was enough to puzzle them, and they stood undecided, which gave her time to dodge past and seize her cloud-pine from where she had hidden it behind the ventilator. â€Å"Shoot her!† came a cry in Mrs. Coulter’s voice from behind, and at once three rifles fired, and the bullets struck metal and whined off into the fog as Serafina leaped on the branch and urged it up like one of her own arrows. A few seconds later she was in the air, in the thick of the fog, safe, and then a great goose shape glided out of the wraiths of gray to her side. â€Å"Where to?† he said. â€Å"Away, Kaisa, away,† she said. â€Å"I want to get the stench of these people out of my nose.† In truth, she didn’t know where to go or what to do next. But there was one thing she knew for certain: there was an arrow in her quiver that would find its mark in Mrs. Coulter’s throat. They turned south, away from that troubling other-world gleam in the fog, and as they flew a question began to form more clearly in Serafina’s mind. What was Lord Asriel doing? Because all the events that had overturned the world had their origin in his mysterious activities. The problem was that the usual sources of her knowledge were natural ones. She could track any animal, catch any fish, find the rarest berries; and she could read the signs in the pine marten’s entrails, or decipher the wisdom in the scales of a perch, or interpret the warnings in the crocus pollen; but these were children of nature, and they told her natural truths. For knowledge about Lord Asriel, she had to go elsewhere. In the port of Trollesund, their consul Dr. Lanselius maintained his contact with the world of men and women, and Serafina Pekkala sped there through the fog to see what he could tell her. Before she went to his house she circled over the harbor, where wisps and tendrils of mist drifted ghostlike on the icy water, and watched as the pilot guided in a large vessel with an African registration. There were several other ships riding at anchor outside the harbor. She had never seen so many. As the short day faded, she flew down and landed in the back garden of the consul’s house. She tapped on the window, and Dr. Lanselius himself opened the door, a finger to his lips. â€Å"Serafina Pekkala, greetings,† he said. â€Å"Come in quickly, and welcome. But you had better not stay long.† He offered her a chair at the fireside, having glanced through the curtains out of a window that fronted the street. â€Å"You’ll have some wine?† She sipped the golden Tokay and told him of what she had seen and heard aboard the ship. â€Å"Do you think they understood what she said about the child?† he asked. â€Å"Not fully, I think. But they know she is important. As for that woman, I’m afraid of her, Dr. Lanselius. I shall kill her, I think, but still I’m afraid of her.† â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"So am I.† And Serafina listened as he told her of the rumors that had swept the town. Amid the fog of rumor, a few facts had begun to emerge clearly. â€Å"They say that the Magisterium is assembling the greatest army ever known, and this is an advance party. And there are unpleasant rumors about some of the soldiers, Serafina Pekkala. I’ve heard about Bolvangar, and what they were doing there – cutting children’s daemons away, the most evil work I’ve ever heard of. Well, it seems there is a regiment of warriors who have been treated in the same way. Do you know the word zombi? They fear nothing, because they’re mindless. There are some in this town now. The authorities keep them hidden, but word gets out, and the townspeople are terrified of them.† â€Å"What of the other witch clans?† said Serafina Pekkala. â€Å"What news do you have of them?† â€Å"Most have gone back to their homelands. All the witches are waiting, Serafina Pekkala, with fear in their hearts, for what will happen next.† â€Å"And what do you hear of the Church?† â€Å"They’re in complete confusion. You see, they don’t know what Lord Asriel intends to do.† â€Å"Nor do I,† she said, â€Å"and I can’t imagine what it might be. What do you think he’s intending, Dr. Lanselius?† He gently rubbed the head of his serpent daemon with his thumb. â€Å"He is a scholar,† he said after a moment, â€Å"but scholarship is not his ruling passion. Nor is statesmanship. I met him once, and I thought he had an ardent and powerful nature, but not a despotic one. I don’t think he wants to rule†¦ I don’t know, Serafina Pekkala. I suppose his servant might be able to tell you. He is a man called Thorold, and he was imprisoned with Lord Asriel in the house on Svalbard. It might be worth a visit there to see if he can tell you anything; but, of course, he might have gone into the other world with his master.† â€Å"Thank you. That’s a good idea†¦ I’ll do it. And I’ll go at once.† She said farewell to the consul and flew up through the gathering dark to join Kaisa in the clouds. Serafina’s journey to the north was made harder by the confusion in the world around her. All the Arctic peoples had been thrown into panic, and so had the animals, not only by the fog and the magnetic variations but by unseasonal crackings of ice and stirrings in the soil. It was as if the earth itself, the permafrost, were slowly awakening from a long dream of being frozen. In all this turmoil, where sudden shafts of uncanny brilliance lanced down through rents in towers of fog and then vanished as quickly, where herds of muskox were seized by the urge to gallop south and then wheeled immediately to the west or the north again, where tight-knit skeins of geese disintegrated into a honking chaos as the magnetic fields they flew by wavered and snapped this way and that, Serafina Pekkala sat on her cloud-pine and flew north, to the house on the headland in the wastes of Svalbard. There she found Lord Asriel’s servant, Thorold, fighting off a group of cliff-ghasts. She saw the movement before she came close enough to see what was happening. There was a swirl of lunging leathery wings, and a malevolent yowk-yowk-yowk resounding in the snowy courtyard. A single figure swathed in furs fired a rifle into the midst of them with a gaunt dog daemon snarling and snapping beside him whenever one of the filthy things flew low enough. She didn’t know the man, but a cliff-ghast was an enemy always. She swung around above and loosed a dozen arrows into the melee. With shrieks and gibberings, the gang – too loosely organized to be called a troop – circled, saw their new opponent, and fled in confusion. A minute later the skies were bare again, and their dismayed yowk-yowk-yowk echoed distantly off the mountains before dwindling into silence. Serafina flew down to the courtyard and alighted on the trampled, blood-sprinkled snow. The man pushed back his hood, still holding his rifle warily, because a witch was an enemy sometimes, and she saw an elderly man, long-jawed and grizzled and steady-eyed. â€Å"I am a friend of Lyra’s,† she said. â€Å"I hope we can talk. Look: I lay my bow down.† â€Å"Where is the child?† he said. â€Å"In another world. I’m concerned for her safety. And I need to know what Lord Asriel is doing.† He lowered the rifle and said, â€Å"Step inside, then. Look: I lay my rifle down.† The formalities exchanged, they went indoors. Kaisa glided through the skies above, keeping watch, while Thorold brewed some coffee and Serafina told him of her involvement with Lyra. â€Å"She was always a willful child,† he said when they were seated at the oaken table in the glow of a naphtha lamp. â€Å"I’d see her every year or so when his lordship visited his college. I was fond of her, mind – you couldn’t help it. But what her place was in the wider scheme of things, I don’t know.† â€Å"What was Lord Asriel planning to do?† â€Å"You don’t think he told me, do you, Serafina Pekkala? I’m his manservant, that’s all. I clean his clothes and cook his meals and keep his house tidy. I may have learned a thing or two in the years I been with his lordship, but only by picking ’em up accidental. He wouldn’t confide in me any more than in his shaving mug.† â€Å"Then tell me the thing or two you’ve learned by accident,† she insisted. Thorold was an elderly man, but he was healthy and vigorous, and he felt flattered by the attention of this young witch and her beauty, as any man would. He was shrewd, though, too, and he knew the attention was not really on him but on what he knew; and he was honest, so he did not draw out his telling for much longer than he needed. â€Å"I can’t tell you precisely what he’s doing,† he said, â€Å"because all the philosophical details are beyond my grasp. But I can tell you what drives his lordship, though he doesn’t know I know. I’ve seen this in a hundred little signs. Correct me if I’m wrong, but the witch people have different gods from ours, en’t that right?† â€Å"Yes, that’s true.† â€Å"But you know about our God? The God of the Church, the one they call the Authority?† â€Å"Yes, I do.† â€Å"Well, Lord Asriel has never found hisself at ease with the doctrines of the Church, so to speak. I’ve seen a spasm of disgust cross his face when they talk of the sacraments, and atonement, and redemption, and suchlike. It’s death among our people, Serafina Pekkala, to challenge the Church, but Lord Asriel’s been nursing a rebellion in his heart for as long as I’ve served him, that’s one thing I do know.† â€Å"A rebellion against the Church?† â€Å"Partly, aye. There was a time when he thought of making it an issue of force, but he turned away from that.† â€Å"Why? Was the Church too strong?† â€Å"No,† said the old servant, â€Å"that wouldn’t stop my master. Now this might sound strange to you, Serafina Pekkala, but I know the man better than any wife could know him, better than a mother. He’s been my master and my study for nigh on forty years. I can’t follow him to the height of his thought any more than I can fly, but I can see where he’s a-heading even if I can’t go after him. No, it’s my belief he turned away from a rebellion against the Church not because the Church was too strong, but because it was too weak to be worth the fighting.† â€Å"So†¦ what is he doing?† â€Å"I think he’s a-waging a higher war than that. I think he’s aiming a rebellion against the highest power of all. He’s gone a-searching for the dwelling place of the Authority Himself, and he’s a-going to destroy Him. That’s what I think. It shakes my heart to voice it, ma’am. I hardly dare think of it. But I can’t put together any other story that makes sense of what he’s doing.† Serafina sat quiet for a few moments, absorbing what Thorold had said. Before she could speak, he went on: â€Å"‘Course, anyone setting out to do a grand thing like that would be the target of the Church’s anger. Goes without saying. It’d be the most gigantic blasphemy, that’s what they’d say. They’d have him before the Consistorial Court and sentenced to death before you could blink. I’ve never spoke of it before and I shan’t again; I’d be afraid to speak it aloud to you if you weren’t a witch and beyond the power of the Church; but that makes sense, and nothing else does. He’s a-going to find the Authority and kill Him.† â€Å"Is that possible?† said Serafina. â€Å"Lord Asriel’s life has been filled with things that were impossible. I wouldn’t like to say there was anything he couldn’t do. But on the face of it, Serafina Pekkala, yes, he’s stark mad. If angels couldn’t do it, how can a man dare to think about it?† â€Å"Angels? What are angels?† â€Å"Beings of pure spirit, the Church says. The Church teaches that some of the angels rebelled before the world was created, and got flung out of heaven and into hell. They failed, you see, that’s the point. They couldn’t do it. And they had the power of angels. Lord Asriel is just a man, with human power, no more than that. But his ambition is limitless. He dares to do what men and women don’t even dare to think. And look what he’s done already: he’s torn open the sky, he’s opened the way to another world. Who else has ever done that? Who else could think of it? So with one part of me, Serafina Pekkala, I say he’s mad, wicked, deranged. Yet with another part I think, he’s Lord Asriel, he’s not like other men. Maybe†¦ if it was ever going to be possible, it’d be done by him and by no one else.† â€Å"And what will you do, Thorold?† â€Å"I’ll stay here and wait. I’ll guard this house till he comes back and tells me different, or till I die. And now I might ask you the same question, ma’am.† â€Å"I’m going to make sure the child is safe,† she said. â€Å"It might be that I have to pass this way again, Thorold. I’m glad to know that you will still be here.† â€Å"I won’t budge,† he told her. She refused Thorold’s offer of food, and said good-bye. A minute or so later she joined her goose daemon again, and the daemon kept silence with her as they soared and wheeled above the foggy mountains. She was deeply troubled, and there was no need to explain: every strand of moss, every icy puddle, every midge in her homeland thrilled against her nerves and called her back. She felt fear for them, but fear of herself, too, for she was having to change. These were human affairs she was inquiring into, this was a human matter; Lord Asriel’s god was not hers. Was she becoming human? Was she losing her witchhood? If she were, she could not do it alone. â€Å"Home now,† she said. â€Å"We must talk to our sisters, Kaisa. These events are too big for us alone.† And they sped through the roiling banks of fog toward Lake Enara and home. In the forested caves beside the lake they found the others of their clan, and Lee Scoresby, too. The aeronaut had struggled to keep his balloon aloft after the crash at Svalbard, and the witches had guided him to their homeland, where he had begun to repair the damage to his basket and the gasbag. â€Å"Ma’am, I’m very glad to see you,† he said. â€Å"Any news of the little girl?† â€Å"None, Mr. Scoresby. Will you join our council tonight and help us discuss what to do?† The Texan blinked with surprise, for no man had ever been known to join a witch council. â€Å"I’d be greatly honored,† he said. â€Å"I may have a suggestion or two of my own.† All through that day the witches came, like flakes of black snow on the wings of a storm, filling the skies with the darting flutter of their silk and the swish of air through the needles of their cloud-pine branches. Men who hunted in the dripping forests or fished among melting ice floes heard the sky-wide whisper through the fog, and if the sky was clear, they would look up to see the witches flying, like scraps of darkness drifting on a secret tide. By evening the pines around the lake were lit from below by a hundred fires, and the greatest fire of all was built in front of the gathering cave. There, once they had eaten, the witches assembled. Serafina Pekkala sat in the center, the crown of little scarlet flowers nestling among her fair hair. On her left sat Lee Scoresby, and on her right, a visitor: the queen of the Latvian witches, whose name was Ruta Skadi. She had arrived only an hour before, to Serafina’s surprise. Serafina had thought Mrs. Coulter beautiful, for a short-life; but Ruta Skadi was as lovely as Mrs. Coulter, with an extra dimension of the mysterious, the uncanny. She had trafficked with spirits, and it showed. She was vivid and passionate, with large black eyes; it was said that Lord Asriel himself had been her lover. She wore heavy gold earrings and a crown on her black curly hair ringed with the fangs of snow tigers. Serafina’s daemon, Kaisa, had learned from Ruta Skadi’s daemon that she had killed the tigers herself in order to punish the Tartar tribe who worshiped them, because the tribesmen had failed to do her honor when she had visited their territory. Without their tiger gods, the tribe declined into fear and melancholy and begged her to allow them to worship her instead, only to be rejected with contempt; for what good would their worship do her? she asked. It had done nothing for the tigers . Such was Ruta Skadi: beautiful, proud, and pitiless. Serafina was not sure why she had come, but made the queen welcome, and etiquette demanded that Ruta Skadi should sit on Serafina’s right. When they were all assembled, Serafina began to speak. â€Å"Sisters! You know why we have come together: we must decide what to do about these new events. The universe is broken wide, and Lord Asriel has opened the way from this world to another. Should we concern ourselves with it, or live our lives as we have done until now, looking after our own affairs? Then there is the matter of the child Lyra Belacqua, now called Lyra Silvertongue by King Iorek Byrnison. She chose the right cloud-pine spray at the house of Dr. Lanselius: she is the child we have always expected, and now she has vanished.† â€Å"We have two guests, who will tell us their thoughts. First we shall hear Queen Ruta Skadi.† Ruta Skadi stood. Her white arms gleamed in the firelight; her eyes glittered so brightly that even the farthest witch could see the play of expression on her vivid face. â€Å"Sisters,† she began, â€Å"let me tell you what is happening, and who it is that we must fight. For there is a war coming. I don’t know who will join with us, but I know whom we must fight. It is the Magisterium, the Church. For all its history – and that’s not long by our lives, but it’s many, many of theirs – it’s tried to suppress and control every natural impulse. And when it can’t control them, it cuts them out. Some of you have seen what they did at Bolvangar. And that was horrible, but it is not the only such place, not the only such practice. Sisters, you know only the north; I have traveled in the south lands. There are churches there, believe me, that cut their children too, as the people of Bolvangar did – not in the same way, but just as horribly. They cut their sexual organs, yes, both boys and girls; they cut them with knives so that they shan’t feel. That is what the Church does, and every chu rch is the same: control, destroy, obliterate every good feeling. So if a war comes, and the Church is on one side of it, we must be on the other, no matter what strange allies we find ourselves bound to.† â€Å"What I propose is that our clans join together and go north to explore this new world, and see what we can discover there. If the child is not to be found in our world, it’s because she will have gone after Lord Asriel already. And Lord Asriel is the key to this, believe me. He was my lover once, and I would willingly join forces with him, because he hates the Church and all it does.† â€Å"That is what I have to say.† Ruta Skadi spoke passionately, and Serafina admired her power and her beauty. When the Latvian queen sat down, Serafina turned to Lee Scoresby. â€Å"Mr. Scoresby is a friend of the child’s, and thus a friend of ours,† she said. â€Å"Would you tell us your thoughts, sir?† The Texan got to his feet, whiplash-lean and courteous. He looked as if he were not conscious of the strangeness of the occasion, but he was. His hare daemon, Hester, crouched beside him, her ears flat along her back, her golden eyes half closed. â€Å"Ma’am,† he said, â€Å"I have to thank you all first for the kindness you’ve shown to me, and the help you extended to an aeronaut battered by winds that came from another world. I won’t trespass long on your patience.† â€Å"When I was traveling north to Bolvangar with the gyptians, the child Lyra told me about something that happened in the college she used to live in, back in Oxford. Lord Asriel had shown the other scholars the severed head of a man called Stanislaus Grumman, and that kinda persuaded them to give him some money to come north and find out what had happened.† â€Å"Now, the child was so sure of what she’d seen that I didn’t like to question her too much. But what she said made a kind of memory come to my mind, except that I couldn’t reach it clearly. I knew something about this Dr. Grumman. And it was only on the flight here from Svalbard that I remembered what it was. It was an old hunter from Tungusk who told me. It seems that Grumman knew the whereabouts of some kind of object that gives protection to whoever holds it. I don’t want to belittle the magic that you witches can command, but this thing, whatever it is, has a kind of power that outclasses anything I’ve ever heard of.† â€Å"And I thought I might postpone my retirement to Texas because of my concern for that child, and search for Dr. Grumman. You see, I don’t think he’s dead. I think Lord Asriel was fooling those scholars.† â€Å"So I’m going to Nova Zembla, where I last heard of him alive, and I’m going to search for him. I cain’t see the future, but I can see the present clear enough. And I’m with you in this war, for what my bullets are worth. But that’s the task I’m going to take on, ma’am,† he concluded, turning back to Serafina Pekkala. â€Å"I’m going to seek out Stanislaus Grumman and find out what he knows, and if I can find that object he knows of, I’ll take it to Lyra.† Serafina said, â€Å"Have you been married, Mr. Scoresby? Have you any children?† â€Å"No, ma’am, I have no child, though I would have liked to be a father. But I understand your question, and you’re right: that little girl has had bad luck with her true parents, and maybe I can make it up to her. Someone has to do it, and I’m willing.† â€Å"Thank you, Mr. Scoresby,† she said. And she took off her crown, and plucked from it one of the little scarlet flowers that, while she wore them, remained as fresh as if they had just been picked. â€Å"Take this with you,† she said, â€Å"and whenever you need my help, hold it in your hand and call to me. I shall hear you, wherever you are.† â€Å"Why, thank you, ma’am,† he said, surprised. He took the little flower and tucked it carefully into his breast pocket. â€Å"And we shall call up a wind to help you to Nova Zembla,† Serafina Pekkala told him. â€Å"Now, sisters, who would like to speak?† The council proper began. The witches were democratic, up to a point; every witch, even the youngest, had the right to speak, but only their queen had the power to decide. The talk lasted all night, with many passionate voices for open war at once, and some others urging caution, and a few, though those were the wisest, suggesting a mission to all the other witch clans to urge them to join together for the first time. Ruta Skadi agreed with that, and Serafina sent out messengers at once. As for what they should do immediately, Serafina picked out twenty of her finest fighters and ordered them to prepare to fly north with her, into the new world that Lord Asriel had opened, and search for Lyra. â€Å"What of you, Queen Ruta Skadi?† Serafina said finally. â€Å"What are your plans?† â€Å"I shall search for Lord Asriel, and learn what he’s doing from his own lips. And it seems that the way he’s gone is northward too. May I come the first part of the journey with you, sister?† â€Å"You may, and welcome,† said Serafina, who was glad to have her company. So they agreed. But soon after the council had broken up, an elderly witch came to Serafina Pekkala and said, â€Å"You had better listen to what Juta Kamainen has to say, Queen. She’s headstrong, but it might be important.† The young witch Juta Kamainen – young by witch standards, that is; she was only just over a hundred years old – was stubborn and embarrassed, and her robin daemon was agitated, flying from her shoulder to her hand and circling high above her before settling again briefly on her shoulder. The witch’s cheeks were plump and red; she had a vivid and passionate nature. Serafina didn’t know her well. â€Å"Queen,† said the young witch, unable to stay silent under Serafina’s gaze, â€Å"I know the man Stanislaus Grumman. I used to love him. But I hate him now with such a fervor that if I see him, I shall kill him. I would have said nothing, but my sister made me tell you.† She glanced with hatred at the elder witch, who returned her look with compassion: she knew about love. â€Å"Well,† said Serafina, â€Å"if he is still alive, he’ll have to stay alive until Mr. Scoresby finds him. You had better come with us into the new world, and then there’ll be no danger of your killing him first. Forget him, Juta Kamainen. Love makes us suffer. But this task of ours is greater than revenge. Remember that.† â€Å"Yes, Queen,† said the young witch humbly. And Serafina Pekkala and her twenty-one companions and Queen Ruta Skadi of Latvia prepared to fly into the new world, where no witch had ever flown before. How to cite The Subtle Knife Chapter Two, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Persuasive On Fireworks Essay Example For Students

Persuasive On Fireworks Essay Nearly every year the government tries to prohibit fireworks because of the possibility of fires and injuries. This is ridiculous because not only are we hurting ourselves all the time anyway, also there are people can be trusted with fireworks. Instead of spoiling the privilege for everyone, a system needs to be devised, that looks something like this: When someone turns 18 (or 21 depending on how trustworthy 18 year olds are), they can get a firework license that lasts the month of July. Like a hunting license, it will last for a certain period of time, and will be revoked if the privilege is abused. If the license is revoked more than twice than they will be banned from buying anything that is not sold at a fireworks stand now. To reduce the illegal sales of fireworks, the penalties for being in possession of illegal fireworks or using them in any other month than July should also be as followed: The first offense will result in a $5000 fine, the second will result in a $10,000 fi ne, and the third offense will put the offender in jail. This system should be adequate in the fact that it is strict, yet fair, and is supported by the fact that fireworks are only a privilege and can be taken away.I hope this essay has given you an idea of how a system could allow more freedom with fireworks, and still keep them out of the wrong hands.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Fd Or Fc Essay Research Paper I free essay sample

Fd Or Fc? Essay, Research Paper I am make up ones minding whether to acquire a 3rd coevals or 2nd coevals Mazda RX-7. The 3rd coevals was made from 1993-1995 and is known as the RX-7 Twin turbo or FD3S. The 2nd coevals that I am sing was made from 1989-1991 and is known as the RX-7 Turbo II or the FC3S. The FD has a more modern rounded expression, sort of like a Dodge Viper or the Chevy Corvette C5. The FC is a small less rounded but more crisp or square, like a Porsche 944. To get down, the power is a small different of the two autos. First of all they both have 13B rotary engines, but the FD has twin consecutive turbochargers and the FC has a individual turbo. The FD makes about 255 HP and 220 lb-ft of torsion. We will write a custom essay sample on Fd Or Fc Essay Research Paper I or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The FC has 200 HP and 196 lb-ft of torsion. The bottom terminal power is much better on the FD because it has the duplicate consecutive turbochargers, which means it will be easier to drive around in traffic. The FC will hold a small turbo slowdown, which means it will take a small longer for the power to come on, so it might be a small sulky in traffic. Since the 3rd coevals has more power it is faster than the 2nd coevals. The FD does 0-60 in approximately 5 seconds and the one-fourth stat mi in approximately 14 seconds at 100 miles per hour. The FC does 0-60 in approximately 6.5 seconds and the one-fourth in approximately 14.4 seconds at 93 miles per hour. Second, the monetary values of the two autos are a small different. Obviously, the newer 3rd coevals will be more. It will run anyplace from $ 10,000 for a piece of debris to $ 25,000 for one in good condit ion. The 2nd coevals will travel anyplace from $ 2,000 for a piece of debris to about $ 12,000 for a truly nice one. The cheaper I get one, the more money I will hold left over to modify it. Third, care is ever a large concern when it comes to RX-7s. The FD is much more complicated and non every bit dependable as the FC. This is largely because of the really complex sequential turbo system, which has over 60 vacuity hosieries that tend to interrupt, or dad of doing the auto non to work right. The FC is a small simpler since it merely has one turbo and there is no demand for a clump of vacuity hosieries. So when it comes to maintenance the 2nd coevals will be much more easier and cheaper. Finally, there are many things to see when modifying these autos. There are many parts available for both theoretical accounts, so that International Relations and Security Network? t something to worry approximately. The 3rd coevals will necessitate a computing machine ascent if you do more than two things to liberate up air flow ( exhaust, down-pipe, mid-pipe, consumption ) . If you don? T upgrade the computing machine the engine will run perilously thin and might blow up. On the FC the computing machine upgrade International Relations and Security Network? T as compulsory, but you will necessitate to acquire a fuel cut guardian, which is much cheaper than a computing machine ascent. To reason, I think I? m tilting closer to the 3rd coevals FD, even though I like them both. Geting the 2nd coevals will salvage me a batch of money ; but I think I will pass the excess money in acquiring the 3rd coevals, which will ensue in holding a faster and more modern looking auto. I wish I could acquire them both.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Event marketing plan Essays - Marketing, Competition, Free Essays

Event marketing plan Essays - Marketing, Competition, Free Essays Event marketing plan Just like a company, an event needs to be marketed properly to reach out to everyone that you want it to. The concept and the theme of the event should reach the right audiences, and for this, there needs to be the right event marketing. The first step towards the right event is to make a plan for the marketing Market objectives To increase the rate of customers by 3% through each event respectively during a period of three months Decrease customer acquisition cost by 2% per month Generate increased awareness of the service offered Financial objectives Profitability by each event Maintain steady, monthly growth Keys to success Our keys to success include the commitment to quality by every person who is a part of the team. Consistent, accurate fulfillment of the customers wishes. Competitive pricing for the quality of service offered Significant profit made on each event planned Target market Our target markets are middle to upper-middle class students, couples, individual students of icbt or any outside parties. We chose these groups because they are conveniently available and have the less amount of time to spare for event planning in general. Advertising and promotion, and customer service Customer Service: ignite goes about the day-to-day operations with the belief that 100% customer satisfaction is required in order to make the business a success. All levels of the organization have been taught this and practice it Marketing Mix Ignite's marketing mix is comprised of the following approaches to pricing, distribution, Pricing: The pricing scheme will be based on a per project estimate Distribution: Ignite distributes tickets through personal selling targeting mostly the full time students and willing part time and MBA students at ICBT Advertising and Promotion: Several forms of advertising and promotion will be used including a website, partnerships/ networking with clubs at ICBT, posters and social media announcements Marketing Project Timeline 1 st week 2 nd week 3 rd week 4 th week Month 1 Deciding the events [pre- event] Finalizing the event Approving the project proposal Making relevant adjustment Printing of tickets, Social media announcement J AN Month 2 [Event launch] Promotion activates Issuing tickets Issuing tickets Social media promotions Final Details 1st E vent [22nd] 2 nd E vent [26 th -30 th ] FEB Month 3 Emerging as a joint venture Social media announcement Posters Sponsorships Ticket distribution Ticket distribution Final announcement Ticket distribution 19 MAR Month 4 3 rd Event 26 APR Risk Possible risks are the purchase of tickets by customers. But, selling tickets in the coming months would be attractive, since students are looking forward to the start of the year, New Year means new student entries, which mean a whole new customer base to consider hence, this would be useful for them to purchase. Also, through new concepts, other target markets are expected to purchase as well through our convincing marketing team. Worst can risk may include Determining that the business cannot support itself on an ongoing basis Contingency planning If the main event does not carry out according to plan, ignite will switch from event organization to product selling (raffle draw) this will be done by the printing of tickets and issuing it out for a ticket price of Rs.50, and the individual target per employee will be 20 tickets to ensure a targeted profit of Rs 17000.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Macbeth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macbeth - Research Paper Example the everlasting value of it, as all these elements combined with ill ambition, craving for high political position, becoming enormously rich in a dishonest way, etc., characterize modern societies in our time. Mac Bethad mac Findlaich or Macbeth for short in English was a Scottish king (1040-1057) who ruled successfully and wisely after killing his predecessor Duncan (1034-1040), who on the other hand was a weak and terrible leader. Macbeth was killed in 1057 in a battle led at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire on 15th August against Malcolm, Duncan’s rightful heir to the throne. The events that took place shortly before Duncan’s murder and until Macbeth’s defeat were described in Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Macbeth† written sometime between 1604 and 1606. (â€Å"Mala Enciklopedija Prosveta† Belgrade, 1970, vol.2, p.15). Having a broad knowledge of Raphael Holinshed’s â€Å"Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland† (1587), Shakespeare apparently used it as a main source for writing this play. According to Holinshed, Duncan, the king of Scotland was a young and incapable ruler, but Shakespeare deliberately depicted him as an old and almost saint person in order to darken Macbeth’s crime even more than it actually was. Shakespeare used this chronicle to write a tragedy, not a historic play. George Buchanan’s â€Å"History of Scotland in Twenty Books† (2 volumes, 1733) written originally in Latin could have been another source for some scenes in the play. There are also things which must have been products of Shakespeare’s fantasy (the scene with the banquet and the appearance of Banquo’s ghost or Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking). Some critics even claim certain scenes were influenced by the Roman history, and some give credit to the legends Shakes peare knew so well. Yet, whatever the sources, â€Å"there is no doubt that the tragic status of Macbeth would be far weaker, were it not for the facts given in the Holinshed’s chronicle that Duncan was weak,

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Journal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Journal 2 - Essay Example I also created time to work on my project. On the second day of the week 4, I attended a meeting with the infection control manager who offered updates on the upcoming hand hygiene campaign. During the day, I checked on the customer satisfaction rates and later worked on my project. These activities ensured that I achieved the learning objectives DNP Essentials II (Fitzpatrick & Kazer, 2009). During week 5, I spent 10 hours each day handling different tasks related to the hand hygiene initiative. The most significant activity was the installation of hand sanitizer dispensers, water and soap. Moreover, I participated in creating awareness on the importance of hand hygiene in reducing infections. In the week that followed, there was a noticeable positive effect on the hand hygiene initiative according to my assessment. This enabled me to achieve DNP Essential IV as one of the critical learning objectives. On the second day of week 6, I consulted with my preceptor and continued with the hand hygiene campaign. Notably, I also worked on my assignments (Zaccagnini & White, 2011). During week 7, I attended the infection control department meeting, which placed emphasis on the hand hygiene campaigns and its goals. In addition, I continued with other tasks of ensuring that staff members and patients adhered to the hand hygiene rules. I finished the first day of week 7 with my project after updating my preceptor concerning the hand hygiene initiative. On the second day, the infection control department partnered with the education department in a bid to increase the awareness of the hand hygiene program (Zaccagnini & White, 2011). Later in the day, I handled different tasks related to my project. Notably, all these activities have helped me to achieve DNP Essentials II and

Monday, November 18, 2019

International Business Law Assessment Assignment

International Business Law Assessment - Assignment Example In addition, the new generation business law include, market contestability which mainly focuses on anti competitive behavior and market contestability which deals with abuse of dominant position (Emerson 2009, p.78-80). Note however that, the arbitration system and enforcement capacities also have a role to play as far as business law is concerned. Under this sphere are the commercial courts and the specialized economic courts. They come in when transactions between parties are not honored and to a larger extent interpret business law to the affected parties. Business just like any other discipline which involves interaction between two or more parties cannot be wholly exonerated from instances of conflicts. This confirms the essentialities in existence of the two types of courts mentioned. To expound on our introductory classification on the already mentioned dimensions of business law, bussines law attempts to address diverse issues in a business. It enables swift and efficient en forcement of contracts ensures adequate legal protection to both private and personal property. It ensures clear frame work and mechanisms for transferring and registering property. Furthermore, it also sees to it that intellectual property get due protection and enforcement. Business law ensures stability and the existence of a frame work able to accommodate the management, oparations and establishment of companies. It foresees sound and secured regimes that can enable transactions making a business be able to obtain credit. Lastly, bussines law ensures a relatively easy and transparent market. To commence with, contract laws emphasis the fact that agreements made between or among parties in a transaction must be honored. This has mechanisms in place to ensure that parties uphold their terms of agreement throughout the transaction session. These laws protect mostly those transactions that are long term in nature. For example, an infrastructure contract between a company and the gov ernment. Such contract may span for several years which qualifies the need for mechanisms to be put in place to guide both parties during work progress until it is completed. Violation of any of these terms by any of the trading partners means that a contract law has been broken and this necessitates a further step from the affected partner. Contract laws also give a contracting partner the constitutional right to know if the other partner is credit worthy. This factor plays a role in preventing future payment disputes in case of defaults from any of the parties. This law ensures that there are mechanism and measures which are in place to enable debt recovery in circumstances of payment defaults. This may apply to scenarios where payments are made through cheques that bounce. Contract law empowers the courts to collect debts if such scenarios of payment default arise. Secondly there is high regard to property ownership which is protected in business law under the personal property r ights. These states that the owner of any property has got the due constitutional authority to sell, exchange, transfer or even consume his property. Property may be listed as buildings, land, physical possessions and also intellectual property which majorly encompass innovations of mind such as music or any other invention. For instance, a

Friday, November 15, 2019

How To Properly Write A Resume English Language Essay

How To Properly Write A Resume English Language Essay After the covering letter, we now come to the second important part of the letter of application i.e. Personal Data Sheet. In the United States, the Personal Data Sheet is referred to as Resume and in Europe, it is called C.V. i.e. Curriculum Vitae meaning Course of Life. Both the resume and the C.V. are similar in structure and content. We shall use the word resume in this chapter. A resume is a factual as well as a persuasive summary of a persons education, employment background, job qualifications and other relevant personal details. It is a structured, written document. All the job advertisements ask for the resume of the applicant. Even if it is a walk-in interview, the candidate is expected to carry his resume along with other related documents for the purpose of verification. So the first thing that a job aspirant has to do as he begins looking for a job is to prepare his resume. It may be prepared before drafting the covering letter. Having a resume shows that you are aware of your skills and potential, that you are well-organised and well-prepared for your job search. A resume is a form of advertising. The purpose of a resume is to kindle employer interest and generate an interview. For an advertised job opening, there would be hundreds of other job seekers with whom you would have to compete for the same position. Therefore, your resume probably has less than 30 seconds to make an impression. So you must take great care while drafting your resume. If required, write several rough drafts before writing the final draft. This will help you to make your resume attractive, comprehensive and compact. Ideally, your resume should not be more than one page. But if you have a long list of academic achievements, or if you have worked at several places and handled many different job profiles, then you may have to prepare a somewhat longer resume. You should select an appropriate resume format using which you can clearly specify all the important information in a visually appealing manner thus making it easier and interesting for the reader to grasp and verify the facts. Keep the following points in mind while writing your resume- The appearance of your resume is very crucial. A resume that is too long, too packed with information, typed in poor layout and sloppy font, or having even a single spelling or grammatical error will often be rejected without being read. The first impression of you that gets formed in the mind of your prospective employer is based not on the content but on the appearance of your resume. Therefore, your resume should look sharp. The layout should make the information easy to grasp. For an impressive resume- Your resume should emphasize your strongest, most impressive qualifications and achievements. It should convey the desired impression by focusing on your strengths, but you must take care not to distort the facts. Avoid exaggeration. Do not claim skills you dont have. However, make sure that you downplay your weaknesses at the same time. Once you have analysed your skills and you know what you have to sell, then you can shape the elements of your resume accordingly, make it more personalized and thus effective. The bare essentials of a resume are as under: Heading A resume heading must show at a glance who you are, how you can be contacted and what kind of job you are seeking. Do not use the word Resume as the title. Most resume headings often consist of- name, address, phone number and email id center-aligned at the top of the page. But if you have a specific job in mind, use a heading which indicates that. But once you have worked in your selected field for a year or more, then education is usually given less emphasis in a resume. So if work experience is your strongest qualification, then you should mention the section on employment history first and place a greater emphasis on your accomplishments and you should provide less detail about your academic credentials. Work Experience This section should list all relevant work experience. The details you provide here help the employer/s to evaluate whether you have the necessary qualifications and decide if you are competent enough for the job. Therefore, your description of your work experience should highlight the relationship between your previous jobs and the position you are seeking. Lay a special emphasis on the skills you have developed while handling those responsibilities. If you achieved something significant while performing your job duties, then you must mention it. Example: Devised a new procedure in marketing research which accelerated the process of data collection and analysis List your jobs in reverse chronological order. If you are already employed at the time of applying for a new job, then mention joining date and use the phrase to present to indicate the period of employment with the current employer. The section on work experience should include the following details: You may also include volunteer work, internships, student teaching, research projects, summer and part-time jobs, etc. even if these jobs have no direct relation to your present career objective. These would show that you have the ability to get a job in the first place and to adapt to different work environments. Most employers find this quality quite impressive. However, devote more space to the jobs that relate to your target position. Relevant Skills In this section, you should describe other miscellaneous facts that relate to your career objective like languages that you are proficient in, your knowledge about computers, other related technical skills, etc. You can include a special section titled Language Skills or Computer Skills and place it near your Education or Work Experience sections. Activities and Achievements In this section, describe any volunteer activities that you participated in and that demonstrate your abilities or work-related skills like leadership, teamwork, communication skills, etc. You may group your activities and/or achievements under different headings like College Activities, Community Service, Professional Associations, Seminars and Workshops, Achievements, Awards, and Honours, etc. Personal Data This section helps present you as a well-rounded personality and enables the employer to know you as a person. The details that you mention here can be used to initiate conversation during an interview. Thus, list job-related interests and hobbies, esp. those indicating stamina, strength, sociability, etc., that can help you gain an edge over your competitors. Mention your hobbies, travel experiences, or personal characteristics, particularly if they suggest qualities that relate to your career goals. Remember, your personal details should be listed briefly and modestly. You should omit or downplay references to age if it could suggest inexperience or approaching retirement. You must exclude any detail that could lead to discrimination like references to gender, marital status, religion, or nationality. References Employers often ask for academic transcripts, samples of your work, or letters of recommendation prior to or after an interview. Be ready to provide these documents as they increase your chances of getting the job. Many potential employers prefer to have actual references on the resume whom they can contact in order to verify the details that you have provided or to get more information about you as a person/an employee. Provide minimum two and maximum four references. Mention their details either at the end of your resume or prepare a separate sheet for References. Or you may insert a line at the end of your resume offering to supply the names of references on request. Example: References available on request While drafting the list of references, keep the following points in mind- Supply names of academic, employment, and professional associates- but no relatives. Provide a name, a title, an address, and a telephone number and email address for each reference. List no name as a reference unless you have that persons permission to do so. Exclude your present employer if you do not want the firm to know you are seeking another position, or add Resume submitted in confidence at the top or bottom of the resume. TYPES OF RESUME LAYOUTS As a job seeker, you will find that you have many different resume layouts available from which to select the best organizational plan that would help you to focus attention on your strong points. The layout you choose must accentuate the information that directly concerns your career objective and should play down or exclude any details that are irrelevant or that may harm your prospect instead of helping you to achieve your aim. The different resume styles include the Basic Resume, the Chronological Resume, the Functional Resume, the Targeted Resume, and the Creative Resume. The right choice of the resume layout will depend on which aspect of your qualifications you want to highlight and your career goal(s). The Basic Resume It is ideal for those without any work experience. It contains the basic information- contact details, education, activities, skills, interests, summer/part-time jobs, etc. The main focus is on education and training. The Chronological Resume The chronological approach is the most traditional and most common way of organizing a resume and it is preferred by many recruiters. It is best suited for those who have lots of career-related experience. The chronological resume lists a persons education and employment history in reverse chronological order, starting with and giving more space to the most recent positions. Under each listing, you should describe the responsibilities and accomplishments associated with each job or academic experience. In the chronological plan, the Work Experience section dominates the resume and is placed immediately after the name and address and the objective. The chronological resume has following characteristics: It highlights the applicants impressive career progress. The applicant emphasizes his achievements by using an indented list. The applicants special qualifications are presented as Personal Data. The chronological resume is used when the applicant wants to continue along the established career path and his career graph shows a positive, upward movement i.e. it is marked by achievements and consistent progress. It is similar to the Basic Resume, but also includes Related Experience, Additional Experience, Activities, Affiliations, Skills (Languages and Computer), Interests, etc. It is not advisable to use the chronological layout when- You are applying for your first job. You have changed jobs frequently. You plan to change your field of work. You are searching for a job after some gap. The Functional Resume In a functional resume, the primary focus is on your skills and accomplishments. Education and experience are mentioned in subordinate sections. This format is effective for people who are entering the job market or re-entering after a considerable gap. It emphasizes capabilities, skill levels, and accomplishments rather than job titles or time spent at various jobs. This plan is best suited for those who want to work in different fields, or those who have not achieved much success in past, or those who have done several unrelated jobs, or those who have been working freelance or part-time. A functional resume has following characteristics: The applicant describes experience first. The use of action verbs and specific facts enhances this resumes effectiveness. The applicants sketchy work history is described but not emphasized. The Targeted Resume This kind of organizational plan shows how you qualify for a specific job i.e. what you can do for a particular employer in a particular position. It is best suited for those who have a clear idea of what they want to do and who can demonstrate their ability in the targeted area. List related capabilities and achievements which provide evidence of your capabilities immediately after stating your career objective. List your work experience and education in subordinate sections. The Creative Resume It is used when applying for creative positions in advertising or entertainment. You can demonstrate your creativity by using elaborate sentence structure, attractive layout, decoration, colour, method of folding, or drastically different writing. It is best suited for people who have an artistic and imaginative temperament. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A GOOD RESUME No matter which layout you choose for your resume, you can write an effective resume only if you keep in mind your target audience (i.e. the prospective employer) and the specific job requirements. A good resume should have the following characteristics: Your resume should not be too lengthy. It should be concise and relevant. One-page long is ideal. It should not be sketchy. It should contain all necessary information required for a proper evaluation of the applicant. Your career goals and job preferences should be apparent from the career objective that you state at the very outset of your resume. Your resume should be visually appealing. Leave proper margins and enough white space. Use proper indentions and underlining. Use good quality paper and print. Your resume should be legible. The language you use should be simple and easy to understand. Use sentences beginning with action words instead of writing in long, convoluted sentences. Verbose and flashy resumes are ineffective and are often rejected even before being read. Be careful with grammar. A resume that is replete with spelling and grammatical errors will create a bad impression and the reader will conclude that the applicant does not possess good verbal/language skills. Remember, having good communication skills is an important qualification by itself. Your resume should present a realistic picture of your skills and achievements. It should not come across as too professional or polished, else it will appear superficial. Give factual evidence in support of your claims with regard to your academic and professional credentials. Do not be boastful. Be sincere. Do not include wrong or baseless information in your resume as it would expose your amateurism and reveal your poor understanding of the business world or of the particular industry.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Mobot Project: Longwood :: essays research papers

The MOBOT Project: Longwood In modern engineering, a systematic approach is used in the design, operation, and construction of an object to reach a desired goal. The first step of the process employs what is commonly known as the scientific method. The next step involves forming an interdisciplinary team of specialists from not only the various engineering disciplines, but from other fields whose knowledge may be useful or even necessary to completing the project. This step doesn't apply to our project, due the confined nature of the class. Finally, considerations must be taken into account to ensure that the project is efficient as well as cost effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The goal of the MOBOT Project was to design and build a programmable robot. The robot had to complete a series of four movements in four given directions over a distance of at least 6 inches. Power and weight restrictions were applied to ensure the safety of the students and, more importantly, the teacher. As the goals of the project were made clearer, our group began discussing possible ideas for the design. There were some disagreements about whether we should take the electromechanical route or the purely electrical one. And after some deep thought, we all agreed that the mechanical way would be the simplest to build and the most merciful on our pocketbooks. Even though we were coming up with some good ideas, each design seemed to contain some major problems. One of the reoccurring problems dealt with the synchronization of the driver motor and the steering system. Finally the team came up with a design that allowed the drive and steering controls to be independent of one another, but still allowing each one to be linked in time. This design has now become what is known as LONGWOOD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Longwood is divided into two main parts: 1)motion system and 2)logic board. As the engineer, I was responsible for motion design. Therefore, that will be the focus for the remainder of this section.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main components of the motion system consist of a platform, three wheels, a wheel frame, two motors, and two contact switches. Two of the wheels were connected to a motor and attached at the front end of the platform. These wheels were only allowed to move simultaneously in either a forward or reverse direction. The third wheel was hooked up to the wheel frame and free to rotate approximately 45 degrees in either direction. Figure 1.1 shows an illustration of how the wheel frame works. The wheel frame and third wheel were then attached to the platform completing the basic assembly.